Here is how I last introduced a book by Jozef Czapski:
World War II in Europe began when Nazi Germany invaded Poland in the early days of September 1, 1939. Sixteen days later, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east. Less than three weeks later, the Nazis and the Soviets had conquered all of Poland. They divided the country between them according to the secret protocols of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. Jozef Czapski (pron. “Chop-ski”) was over 40 when this war came; he had previously served in World War I, been a pacifist for a time, thought better of it and fought against Soviet Russia when it invaded Poland in 1920. Between the wars, he had lived in Paris and pursued painting, his true passion.

In the campaigns of September 1939, Czapski was captured by the Soviets. Memories of Starobielsk begins with the titular autobiographical sketch of some 40 pages. He describes the aftermath of his capture, his march with fellow prisoners of war across parts of occupied Poland and into the Soviet Union, his time in the camps of Starobielsk (near Kharkiv) and then Gryazovets (near Vologda), and the gradual emptying of the camp in the spring of 1940, as the captive Polish officers were told they were being sent back home, whether to the German or Soviet occupation zones. But readers have known from the memoir’s first paragraph that their fate was a worse one. “At the time that it was cleared on April 5, 1940, the camp of Starobielsk held 3,920 Polish officers, together with several dozen civilian prisoners and about 30 officer cadets and ensigns. Of these men, 79 survived. I am one of them.” (p. 1)
“Memories of Starobielsk” could just as well be titled “Memorial for Starobielsk,” for Czapski uses his words to build a monument to the men whose lives ended out of the sight of the rest of the world soon after they were transported out of that camp. Though most of “Memories” is devoted to recalling the men as individual human beings, Czapski takes time in his opening pages to note what the massacre of 20,000 officers from Starobielsk and two other similar camps meant to the Polish Army.
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